Interesting question @jeremy_pm
The region being a route from Africa to Europe, there's evidence of modern humans in the area 120,000 years ago. Judaism hasn't existed that long.
Before that, there were other hominids. The earliest remains are estimated to be 1.5 million years old.
As to "recorded history". Even their own mythology tells against the Jewish. Chapter 15 of Genesis/Bereshit lists peoples who were displaced to establish the Jewish Kingdoms. So Jews weren't "first". There may be "indigenous" jews, but there are also indigenous Moslems and Christians.