“Translation Issues in the Rapid Transmission of Esoteric Buddhism from India to China to Japan.” Gyankosh Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 1-4. Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India (June 2023).
From the ABSTRACT: "Three consecutive patriarchs of Esoteric Buddhism were Amoghavajra of India, Huiguo of China, and Kūkai of Japan. This paper foregrounds the usually taken-for-granted but vital historical role of language education and translation in the international spread of religion and culture ... Japan's great saint Kūkai was educated in Chinese and Sanskrit, thus able to contribute to Sino-Japanese relations as well as to systematize Buddhism."