Are all those things listed prescribed by your doctor?
I'm not sure how it's even possible to eat less than 30g protein each day, eating bread alone would push you over that number.
What's your target daily caloric intake? The diet you need for 150g protein would look different if you eat 2000kcal or 3000kcal.
Egg, milk and meat are all great sources for protein.
3 eggs (180g ~22g protein) for breakfast, some peanut butter (100g ~28g protein) for lunch and a piece of chicken breast (230g ~53g protein) would put you at 103g of proteins. Just add whatever extra you want with those three meals and you should be past your 150g goal. As long as you eat clean and avoid junk food, you shouldn't have much trouble reaching your goal.
In Norway there's currently a trend of carrying around a 2L water bottle with time of day markings for how much water should be in the bottle. I assume you'll find them in USA too, maybe that works out for you.
I'm an American and we do not weigh our food lol. Even if I started that I have no idea how I would calculate this stuff.
Well that got to change if you want to control your sodium intake. You can't regulate something you have no measurement of.
Energize is a FOSS app on F-Droid that you can use to track you protein intake, but I don't think it tracks your micronutrients. My Fitness Pal does, but it's subscription based. No idea what apps are available on iPhone, though I believe My Fitness Pal is there.