Lithium batteries are old news and this market is going to crash. China is already selling two EVs using sodium ion batteries. It's only a matter of time before such technology can be used at smaller scales.
China is already selling two EVs using sodium ion batteries.
Sodium ion batteries won't be a general drop-in substitute in vehicles for lithium.
It might be possible to use sodium-ion batteries in place of some not-energy-density critical lithium-ion applications (the way lead-acid is currently used for some lithium-ion applications), and that'd free up some materials for EV use.
However, sodium and lithium atoms have differences, two of which are relevant for battery performance. The first difference is in the so-called redox potential, which characterizes the tendency for an atom or molecule to gain or lose electrons in a chemical reaction. The redox potential of sodium is 2.71 V, about 10% lower than that of lithium, which means sodium-ion batteries supply less energy—for each ion that arrives in the cathode—than lithium-ion batteries. The second difference is that the mass of sodium is 3 times that of lithium.
Together these differences result in an energy density for sodium-ion batteries that is at least 30% lower than that of lithium-ion batteries [1]. When considering electric vehicle applications, this lower energy density means that a person can’t drive as far with a sodium-ion battery as with a similarly sized lithium-ion battery. In terms of this driving range, “sodium can’t beat lithium,” Tarascon says.
In time, sodium-ion batteries will improve, but their driving range will never surpass the top-of-the-line lithium-ion batteries, Tarascon says. He imagines instead that sodium-ion technology will fill specific niches, such as batteries for smaller, single-person electric vehicles or for vehicles that have a range of only 30–50 miles (50–80 km). Weil agrees, but he says that society may have to change the way it views automobiles. “We cannot only point to the technology developers and say, ‘We need more efficiency.’ It’s even more important to stress that we need more ‘sufficiency,’ which is people being satisfied with a small car,” he says.
Not likely, considering the last few times it happened it didn't. This is the first time it's happened since the 1980s, not the first time it's happened.
The geomagnetic field is weakening which is common during these kinds of episodes and eventually the polarity of the magnetic field will flip so that north becomes south and vice versa. During the transition though we are likely to go from our bipolar magnetic field to a quadrupolar magnetic field where the north and south poles can fluctuate between two different points each instead of the normal single point. You can see evidence of this occurring in geological history through Ignatius rock, as it cools from volcanic eruptions.
These types of figures are still important to know. You want to see if certain populations are being affected disproportionately and have a baseline to work from when seeing how policy changes are working.
If you make a policy change and see recovery overall but you're still getting 52% of Latinos reporting insecurity, you've done something wrong and you have data to back it up.
Cute of you to assume policy is trying to improve anything here when policy is clearly to drive people into bad economic situation, data speaks for itself.
Sure we can measure by demographics but the real issue is that ruling class is enabled by the state to fuck everybody for profit
And if you overthrew the ruling class, you'd still want to know how the new system was affecting various demographics. All systems have biases and the only way to account for them is to know about them.
To be fair, it's no joke to be a minority in either Russia or China either, so they are pretty poor countries to use for that comparison, as they actually are worse in most regards.
Sometimes it works the other way. We cannot get our teenage daughter to eat anything but junk food half the time and yet she's far thinner than either of us were as teenagers. Neither of us can understand it.
You can be thin eating any type of food. It’s generally just far easier to over-consume junk food, but if she’s not eating too much it won’t inherently lead to weight gain
As a teen I would out eat, in physical quantity, any 2 full grown adults and not gain weight, I was 5'11" @ 125lbs by 16. I could eat several plates of whatever was in front of me, at that time my parents made food, not prepackaged processed crap. Into my 20s I'd sit down and empty a tub of ice cream, not one of them tiny ben & jerrys containers. No weight gain until I hit 28 doing a physical job and went up to 180 lbs of muscle, now I'm 150 ish and can still eat what I want when I want, tho normally I eat to live not live to eat. Calories-in-calories-out, like BMI, is only a part of the whole picture with so many unseen things affecting it, like medicines. And no, being skinny was not an easy ride.
I assure you that it’s just a matter of your perception. Every study ever performed reveals people have a notoriously bad internal concept of the quantity of their intake, frequently being off by more than double. The problem is even further exacerbated when trying to estimate someone else’s intake
Western capitalists are dominant globally. They enjoyed a multi decade head start. Yes, all capitalists are bad but western capitalists have been the most destructive.
China is authoritarian capitalism with communism for their under classes. They are the worlds 2nd largest economy. Their capitalist practices are just as, if not more reckless than Americas. Just because they dress it up different doesn’t mean they aren’t capitalists. They have the 2nd most billionaires in the world. So sick of everyone acting like evil begins and ends with the West because they live there and don’t get exposed to other news enough. The whole world is fucked, it’s not just “the west.”
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